USS Arkansas (BB-33) in World War II

Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  New York Shipbuilding, Camden, NJLaid Down:  January 25, 1910Launched:  January 14, 1911Commissioned:  September 17, 1912Fate:  Sunk July 25, 1947, during Operation Crossroads USS Arkansas  (BB-33) - Specifications Displacement:  26,000  tonsLength:  562 ft.Beam:  93.1 ft.Draft:  28.5 ft.Propulsion:  12  Babcock and Wilcox  coal-fired boilers  with oil spray, 4-shaft  Parsons  direct-drive  steam turbinesSpeed:  20.5  knotsComplement:  1,063  men​ Armament (As Built) 12 Ãâ€"  12-inch/50 caliber Mark 7  guns21 Ãâ€"  5/51 caliber guns2 Ãâ€" 21  torpedo tubes USS Arkansas (BB-33) - Design Construction Conceived at the 1908 Newport Conference, the  Wyoming-class of battleship was the US Navys fourth type of dreadnought after the earlier  -,  -, and  -classes.  The first incarnations of the design came about through war games and debates as the earlier classes had not yet entered service.  Central among the conferences findings was the need for increasingly larger calibers of main guns.  During the latter months of 1908, discussions  ensued over the configuration and armament of the new class with various layouts  being considered.  On March 30, 1909, Congress authorized  construction of two Design 601 battleships.  The Design 601 plans  called for a ship approximately 20% larger than the  Florida-class and carrying twelve 12 guns.   Named  USS  Wyoming  (BB-32) and USS  Arkansas  (BB-33), the two ships of the new class were powered by twelve Babcock and Wilcox coal-fired boilers with direct drive turbines turning four propellers.  The arrangement of the main armament saw the twelve 12 guns mounted in  six twin turrets in  superfiring (one firing over the other) pairs forward, amidships, and aft.  To support the main guns, naval architects added twenty-one 5 guns with the bulk placed in individual casemates below the main deck. Additionally, the battleships carried two 21 torpedo tubes.  For protection, the  Wyoming-class utilized the main armor belt eleven inches thick.   Assigned to New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, NJ, construction started  on Arkansas  on January 25, 1910.  Work advanced over the next year and  the new battleship entered the water on January 14, 1911, with Nancy Louise Macon of Helena, Arkansas  serving as sponsor.  Construction concluded the following year and  Arkansas  shifted to the Philadelphia Navy Yard where it entered commission on September 17, 1912, with Captain Roy C. Smith  in command. USS Arkansas (BB-33) - Early Service Departing Philadelphia,  Arkansas  steamed north to New York to take part in a fleet review for President William H. Taft.  Embarking the president, it then carried him south to the Panama Canal construction site before conducting a brief shakedown cruise.  Retrieving Taft,  Arkansas  transported him to Key West in December before joining the Atlantic Fleet.  Taking part in routine maneuvers during the majority of 1913, the battleship steamed for Europe that fall.  Making goodwill calls around the Mediterranean, it arrived in Naples in October and aided in celebrating the birthday of King Victor Emmanuel III.  Returning home,  Arkansas  sailed for the Gulf of Mexico in early 1914 as tensions with Mexico increased. In late April, Arkansas  took part in the US occupation of Veracruz.  Contributing four companies of infantry to the landing force, the battleship supported the fighting from offshore.  During the battle for the city,  Arkansas detachment sustained two killed while two members won the Medal of Honor for their actions.  Remaining in the vicinity through the summer, the battleship returned to Hampton Roads in October.  Following repairs at New York, Arkansas  began three years of standard operations with the Atlantic Fleet.  These consisted of training and exercises in northern waters during the summer months and in the Caribbean in the winter.   USS Arkansas (BB-33) - World War I Serving with Battleship Division 7 in early 1917, Arkansas  was in Virginia when the US entered World War I that April.  Over the next fourteen months, the battleship operated along the East Coast training gun crews.  In July 1918,  Arkansas  transited the Atlantic and relieved USS  Delaware  (BB-28) which was serving with the 6th Battle Squadron in Admiral Sir David Beattys British Grand Fleet. Operating with the 6th Battle Squadron for the remainder of the war, the battleship sortied in late November along with the Grand Fleet to escort the German High Seas Fleet into internment at Scapa Flow.  Detached from the Grand  Fleet on December 1,  Arkansas  and other American naval forces steamed for Brest, France where they met the liner SS  George Washington  which was carrying President Woodrow Wilson to the peace conference at Versailles.  This done, the battleship sailed for New York where it arrived on December 26. USS Arkansas (BB-33) - Interwar Years In May  1919,  Arkansas served as a guide ship for a flight of US Navy Curtiss NC flying boats as they attempted a trans-Atlantic flight before receiving  orders to join the Pacific Fleet that summer.  Passing through the Panama Canal,  Arkansas  spent two years in the Pacific during which time it visited Hawaii and Chile.  Returning to the Atlantic in 1921, the battleship spent the next four years conducting routine exercises and midshipmen training cruises.  Entering the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1925,  Arkansas  underwent a modernization program which saw the installation of oil-fired boilers, a tripod mast aft, additional deck armor, as well as the trunking of the ships funnels into a single, larger funnel.  Rejoining the fleet in November 1926, the battleship spent the next several years in peacetime operations with the Atlantic and Scouting Fleets.  These included a variety of training cruises and fleet problems. Continuing to serve, Arkansas  was at Hampton Roads in September 1939 when World War II began in Europe.  Assigned to the Neutrality Patrol reserve force along with USS  New York  (BB-34), USS  Texas  (BB-35), and USS  Ranger  (CV-4), the battleship continued training activities into 1940.  The following July,  Arkansas  escorted US forces to the north to occupy Iceland before being present at the Atlantic Charter conference a month later.  Resuming service with the Neutrality Patrol, it was at Casco Bay, ME on December 7 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. USS Arkansas (BB-33) - World War II Following training activities in the North Atlantic,  Arkansas  arrived at Norfolk in March 1942 for an overhaul.  This saw a reduction in the vessels secondary armament and an enhancement of its anti-aircraft defenses.  After a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake,  Arkansas  escorted a convoy to Scotland in August.  It repeated this run again in October.  Beginning in November, the battleship began protecting convoys bound for North Africa as part of Operation Torch.  Continuing in this duty until May 1943,  Arkansas  then moved to a training role in the Chesapeake.  That fall, it received orders to aid in escorting convoys to Ireland. In April 1944, Arkansas  commenced shore bombardment training in Irish waters in preparation for the invasion of Normandy.  Sortieing on June 3, the battleship joined Texas  in Group II before arriving off Omaha Beach three days later.  Opening fire at 5:52 AM,  Arkansas first shots in combat struck German positions behind the beach.  Continuing to engage targets through the day, it remained offshore supporting Allied operations for the next week.  Operating along the Norman coast for the rest of the month, Arkansas  shifted to the Mediterranean in July to provide fire support for Operation Dragoon.  Striking targets along the French Riviera in mid-August, the battleship then sailed for Boston. Undergoing a refit,  Arkansas  prepared for service in the Pacific.  Sailing in November, the battleship reached Ulithi in early 1945.  Assigned to Task Force 54,  Arkansas  took part in the invasion of Iwo Jima beginning on February 16.  Departing in March, it sailed for Okinawa where it provided fire support for Allied troops following the landings on April 1.  Remaining offshore into May, the battleships guns bombarded Japanese positions.  Withdrawn to Guam and then the Philippines, Arkansas  remained there into August.  Sailing for Okinawa late in the month, it was at sea when the word was received that the war had ended. USS Arkansas (BB-33) - Later Career Assigned to Operation Magic Carpet,  Arkansas  aided in returning American servicemen from the Pacific.  Employed in this role through the end of the year, the battleship then remained at San Francisco through the early part of 1946.  In May, it departed for Bikini Atoll via Pearl Harbor.  Arriving at Bikini in June, Arkansas  was designated as a target ship for the Operation Crossroads atomic bomb testing.  Surviving Test ABLE on July 1, the battleship was sunk on July 25 following the underwater detonation of Test BAKER.  Officially decommissioned four days later,  Arkansas  was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on August 15. Selected Sources DANFS: USS  Arkansas  (BB-33)NHHC: USS  Arkansas  (BB-33)U-boat.net: USS  Arkansas  (BB-33)

The Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison Essay - 1114 Words

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Digital Innovation Loan Application Significance

Question: Discuss about theDigital Innovationfor Loan Application Significance. Answer: Digital Innovation My Digital Idea: A loan application that can be installed on an Android phone or any electronic machine like a laptop to help in aloan application in case a need arises. My target audience is those in emergency situations and might need a quick loan. Description of the Digital Idea The loan application significance is to help individuals who need quick or emergency loans. As I came up with the idea, I had realized that sometimes human beings are caught up by problems at unexpected times. The target audience can download the application to any Android phone or electronic machine and follow the necessary instructions (Leung, 2014: 32). When filling in the instructions, I made sure that there is an option where one chooses the most convenient mode of money transfer. With this idea in mind, I came up with up with several sources of revenue. I had savings which will act as a foundation for the implementation of the idea. Equally, I will borrow a loan from one of the banks that offers loans at a very low interest rate (Wyre?bek Wydawnic, 2013: 15). Starting the idea comes with agreat costs since I have to take up a loan to supplement my savings. For the idea to thrive, I will open an office and create a customer care desk to assist customers who have questions regarding the idea. A unique thing about the idea is that it is available to anyone who can access the app through the phone or any other relevant electronic gadget. The main activity with the idea is only assessing the application and filling in the profile as per instructions. After I have made profit, I will fund the idea to become a great innovation(Innovation in business, 2013). Similarly, I will ask for funds from various organizations that support startup companies. List of References Leung, L. (2014) Digital Experience Design: Ideas, Industries, Interaction, Bristol, U.K.: Intellect. Wyre?bek, H., Wydawnictwo., U. P.-H. (2013) Innovation In Business, Siedlce: Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities Publishing House.

Memorandum Findings and Principles of Management

Table of Contents Introduction Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity in Chain of Command, Unity of Direction Employee Related Principles References Introduction My advice to management on human management emanates from inspiration by the need for efficiency within the work force and at the same time promoting harmonious coexistence among colleagues. The functions of human resource management which include planning, organizing, directing, staffing and controlling require an approach that best serves the interest of the organization and individual members of staff.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memorandum: Findings and Principles of Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is, therefore, the organization’s best interest to adopt and apply the findings and principles of management as put across by the father of management, the French engineer Henri Fayol (1841- 1925). His study and practical experience as an engineer and later as director of a mining company that employed over thousand workers reflected the relevance of his works. Division of Work To begin with, the company should delegate different duties and obligations to different people who bear the necessary qualifications to perform that particular kind of work. This division of work aims at getting the best out of specialization. Fayol argues that specialization brings out the best of every individual in the organization by limiting the level of responsibility such that they are able to concentrate on a particular area of work. Adoption of a system that shall allow all workers- including the managers to perform specific roles that do not have ambiguity of responsibility, and at the same time promotes improvement of particular skills to enhance individual and corporate productivity is important. Authority and Responsibility Authority should be given to employees that hold positions that comman d the necessity for the same. This gives them the power to give appropriate commands, besides creating the relevant professional confidence that is required when dealing with people. By giving managers and supervisors authority, the company will not only delegate powers to them, but also give them responsibility. They are therefore obliged to perform as expected to meet this responsibility. Discipline For authority to be effective, discipline should be emphasized within the workforce. This calls for personal responsibility on the part of the management and the workers with respect to adherence to work ethics (Sumon, 2010). Juniors are expected to obey their bosses, and everyone is expected to respect the rules and regulations that govern the organization. Unity in Chain of Command, Unity of Direction In addition, there should be unity in the chain of command. Orders and instructions that flow to the employees should follow a particular channel which is in agreement. There should not be contradictions as they would lead to misinformation and confusion of the workers. This principle is further fortified by the adoption of the one on unity of direction.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This requires that specific departmental functions to be under a specific leadership. Co-ordination of activities is demystified, and harmonious collective responsibility for the individual department is enhanced (Witzel, 2003). Employee Related Principles Employees’ interests should come after those of the company. Sensitization of the work force about the importance of this principle will ensure that they do not compromise the achievement of the company’s goals in pursuit of their own. Achievement of the firm’s interest forms the basis of the employees’ work ethics and loyalty ratings. The firm should ensure that employees have security of tenur e and that they get fair pay for their work. When sure of their jobs’ safety and getting what they deserve for their efforts, workers are motivated to be more productive. Management should also encourage and be receptive to employees’ initiatives that are congruent to the company’s interests. Equity among employees is also crucial- management should not show favoritism among some employees as this would instigate animosity. This would foster and uphold the teamwork that Fayol described as Esprit de Corps principle. The company stands to gain from the implementation of these principles since they are not only relevant, but also crucial to the effective attainment of its goals. Implementation of what has not been adopted and strengthening what has is therefore beneficial (Daft, 1983). References Daft, R. (1983). Organization Theory and Design: West Series in Management. London: West Publishing Company. Sumon, A. (2010). Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles in Manage ment. Web. Witzel, M. (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. New York: Routledge Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memorandum: Findings and Principles of Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Memorandum: Findings and Principles of Management was written and submitted by user Caydence Byers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.